QUICK INTRODUCTION TO THE CONCEPT OF CITIZEN SCIENCE Sample Clauses

QUICK INTRODUCTION TO THE CONCEPT OF CITIZEN SCIENCE. The increasing popularity of citizen science is demonstrated by the growing number of publications in this area [Dobreva, Azzopardi 2014]. However, there are also substantial differences in the understanding what citizen science actually is. Below are a number of definitions collected from various sources: “Citizen Science refers to the general public engagement in scientific research activities when citizens actively contribute to science either with their intellectual effort or surrounding knowledge or with their tools and resources.” European Commission; Green Paper on Citizen Science (2013) “Citizen science is a process whereby citizens are involved in science as researchers.” Xxxxxx and Xxxxxxx (2011) “Citizen science refers to a programme in which a network of volunteers, many of whom have little or no specific scientific training, perform or manage research-related tasks, such as observation, measurement, or computation.” Schnoor (2007) “Citizen science is a research technique that enlists the public in gathering scientific information.” Xxxxxx et al. (2009) “Citizen science is a method by which the researchers identifies the problem and design the study, and volunteers collects data to be analyzed and interpreted by the researcher.” Weckel, et al. (2010) A new role emerges – the one of the citizen scientist, but it also is defined in various ways: “A citizen scientist is a volunteer who collects and/or processes data as part of a scientific enquiry.” Silvertown (2009) “Citizen scientists are volunteers who participate as field assistants in scientific studies.” Xxxx (2008) As can be easily noted, the definition of the term “Citizen Science” differs across the various papers written on the subject. The most common aspect seems to point out to the nature of citizen scientists as being amateur researchers who gather scientific information, on a voluntary basis, their only incentive being their participation to the project. Furthermore, also the form of the study is not unique. Xxxxx and Xxxxx (2011) highlight six different typologies of Citizen Science Projects, each one linked to a different kind of study:
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  • Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-NoDerivs License The Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial-NoDerivs License (CC-BY-NC-ND) permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, is not used for commercial purposes and no modifications or adaptations are made. (see below) Use by commercial "for-profit" organizations Use of Wiley Open Access articles for commercial, promotional, or marketing purposes requires further explicit permission from Wiley and will be subject to a fee. Further details can be found on Wiley Online Library xxxx://xxxxxxx.xxxxx.xxx/WileyCDA/Section/id-410895.html Other Terms and Conditions:

  • Xxxxxxxx, 121 Cal App.4th Supp. 7 (2004), CIV Code 1962 Colorado $50.00 or 5% of past due rent C.R.S. § 00-00-000 Connecticut Not defined No statute Delaware 5% of the monthly rent amount Title 25, § 5501(d) Florida Not defined No statute Georgia “All contracts for rent shall bear interest from the time the rent is due” Hawaii 8% of the monthly rent amount § 521-21(f) Idaho Not defined No statute Illinois Outside Chicago – Not defined Chicago only – $10.00 per month for the first $500.00 in monthly rent plus five percent per month for any amount in excess of $500.00 in monthly rent for the late payment of rent. No statute 5-12-140(h) Indiana Not defined No statute Iowa If the rent does not exceed $700/month, the late fee cannot exceed more than $12/day per day or $60/month. If the rent is greater than $700/month, the late cannot exceed more than $20/day or $100/month.

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